Even though, there is increased awareness on environmental health matters over the last decades, environmental pollution still poses health challenges for the nursing profession.  Nursing professionals have the burden of dealing with environmental related illnesses with regards guidance, treatment and provision of information to patients. However, few health care practitioners receive training on environmental health. But, there has been a shift towards integrating environmental related issues in the nursing profession by taking into account the effect of the environment on the health status of patients. Nursing professionals are taking steps to bridge the gap on environmental health through education and sensitization on environmental health hazards. These measures also include communicating to the communities, since the members expect nurses to offer guidance on how to reduce the risk of environmental hazards.
Florence Nightingale’s contribution to the field of nursing and particularly on the impact of the environment provides insights on the relation between the environment and health.  Though, there is no specific theory that guides nurses, the writings of Nightingale led to the call for the development of professional practices that could be adhered to by all nursing professionals.  In her writing, Nightingale focused on the role of an appropriate environment in facilitating the recovery of patients.  Thus, the interaction of self care, the environment and nursing profession were all relevant to the recovery process. Essentially, there is a need to minimize environmental health hazards and provide hygienic conditions for patients.
International treaties mostly focus on the physical impact of war on the environment and people, but fail to address the issue of environmental degradation occasioned by war. Thus, there is a need to institute stiff penalties in these agreements with regards to the consequences of chemical warfare and bombing. On the other hand, the nursing profession needs to sensitize the communities more often on the need to minimize environmental pollution because this affects the health status.  Nursing professional bodies can also liaise with government institutions in there quest to ensure that there is environmental protection particularly on air pollution and water quality.
 

The healthcare of the United States remains a contemporary issue of argument in the continent. Many people claim that it forms the healthcare system arguments in the continent following the consistent emerging issues. Ironically, the federal government has invested huge capital in healthcare services whose end results do not much the money spent; the services are extremely poor. On the contrary, France offers universal healthcare services yet on moderate capital investment. In fact, according to World Health Organization’s statistics, France offers exemplary healthcare services in the whole world. In comparison, France and United States health care systems operate distinctly.
In both countries, the healthcare systems rely majorly on private and government insurance. It should be noted that both countries have national insurance. However, the national insurance level varies in the two countries. Unlike the United States, France healthcare system majorly depends on national insurance policies. Cooper and Gardner institute that the United States does not only rely on national insurance policies but also on public and private organizations. Similarly, in both countries, the healthcare insurance services are provided by the employers. However, the level of government financing health care services differs in both countries. In particular, the United States government depends largely on private institutions for finance whereas the government of France depends much on itself to finance health services. As of 2014, the healthcare expenditure was seventeen point two percent whereas that of France was at eleven point three which implies that the government of the United States spends much of health yet low-quality services. France has reduced expenditure on healthcare yet the services are of high quality.
In summary, the health care systems of France and the United States constitute differences and similarities. In terms of the quality, France has the best healthcare services to its citizens. Likewise, the government of the United States spends a lot of money to fund the delivery of healthcare service yet they are of low quality. Although France records higher risk factors compared to that of the United States, it still holds quality healthcare services delivery. The governments of United States have many citizens who have no access to healthcare insurance cover, unlike France where healthcare insurance is compulsory. In fact, the United States can derive many lessons from the healthcare system of France to advance their services. For instance, the US government can adopt the principle of compulsory healthcare insurance to enhance all of her citizens have access to healthcare insurance.
 

Nurse scholars have for the longest time recognized that nurses utilize some form of nursing theory and conceptual theories in their day to day activities and they insist that nursing theory is a critical part to the field of medicine. Today, the need for a working partnership between a patient and a nurse is very crucial in nursing practice as it enables healthcare providers and physicians to come up with effective therapeutic interventions that are beneficial to the clients. As such, through theory analysis, nurses can gain the necessary skills and power by understanding knowledge that characterizes the nursing activity. It’s from such interventions that Hildegard E. Peplau conceptualized her prominent –Interpersonal Relations Theory- in 1952 which is still used even today. Dr. Peplau’s contribution to nursing is remarkable and quite significant in the evolution of nursing. In her attempts to bridge the gap between theory and practice, she was successful in showcasing how an individual’s experiences, their clinical practice and societal aspects of empiricism can impact a person’s knowledge base and identity. The following paragraphs will showcase how Dr. Peplau’s theory and conceptual framework of interpersonal relations impacted clinical, conceptual and empirical knowledge and not just on the psychiatry front, but also to nursing in general. Generally, the theory describes the purpose of nursing as the capacity to aid others to identify their felt complicated and urges them to apply the values of human relations to issues that come up at all levels. Man in this theory is explained as a life form that “strives in its own way to reduce tension generated by needs.Generally, Dr. Peplau’s theory and the Nursing Process embrace a sequential aspect. This is highlighted by how they focus on the therapeutic relationship through a formulation of problem solving methods that nurses and their clients can collaborate on with the final goal being fulfilling and satisfying the client’s needs. Additionally, they both apply observation communication as well as recording as their fundamental tools